Long-Term Orientation
Long-Term Orientation is the fifth dimension of Hofstede which was added after the original four to try to distinguish the difference in thinking between the East and West. From the original IBM studies, this difference was something that could not be deduced. Therefore, Hofstede created a Chinese value survey which was distributed across 23 countries. From these results, and with an understanding of the influence of the teaching of Confucius on the East, long term vs. short term orientation became the fifth cultural dimension.
Below are some characteristics of the two opposing sides of this dimension:
Long term orientation
-persistence
-ordering relationships by status and observing this order
-thrift
-having a sense of shame
Short term orientation
-personal steadiness and stability
-protecting your ‘face’
-respect or tradition
-reciprocation of greetings, favors, and gifts
| Long term avoidance | ||||||
| 1-20 | 21-40 | 41-60 | 61-80 | 81-100 | 101-120 | |
| Country | PDI | IDV | MAS | UAI | LTO |
| China | 80 | 20 | 66 | 40 | 118 |
| Hong Kong | 68 | 25 | 57 | 29 | 96 |
| Taiwan | 58 | 17 | 45 | 69 | 87 |
| Japan | 54 | 46 | 95 | 92 | 80 |
| South Korea | 60 | 18 | 39 | 85 | 75 |
| Brazil | 69 | 38 | 49 | 76 | 65 |
| India | 77 | 48 | 56 | 40 | 61 |
| Thailand | 64 | 20 | 34 | 64 | 56 |
| Singapore | 74 | 20 | 48 | 8 | 48 |
| Netherlands | 38 | 80 | 14 | 53 | 44 |
| Sweden | 31 | 71 | 5 | 29 | 33 |
| Australia | 36 | 90 | 61 | 51 | 31 |
| Germany | 35 | 67 | 66 | 65 | 31 |
| New Zealand | 22 | 79 | 58 | 49 | 30 |
| United States | 40 | 91 | 62 | 46 | 29 |
| Ethiopia | 64 | 27 | 41 | 52 | 25 |
| Kenya | 64 | 27 | 41 | 52 | 25 |
| Tanzania | 64 | 27 | 41 | 52 | 25 |
| United Kingdom | 35 | 89 | 66 | 35 | 25 |
| Zambia | 64 | 27 | 41 | 52 | 25 |
| Norway | 31 | 69 | 8 | 50 | 20 |
| Philippines | 94 | 32 | 64 | 44 | 19 |
| Ghana | 77 | 20 | 46 | 54 | 16 |
| Nigeria | 77 | 20 | 46 | 54 | 16 |
| Sierra Leone | 77 | 20 | 46 | 54 | 16 |
| Argentina | 49 | 46 | 56 | 86 | |
| Austria | 11 | 55 | 79 | 70 | |
| Belgium | 65 | 75 | 54 | 94 | |
| Chile | 63 | 23 | 28 | 86 | |
| Colombia | 67 | 13 | 64 | 80 | |
| Costa Rica | 35 | 15 | 21 | 86 | |
| Czech Republic | 57 | 58 | 57 | 74 | |
| Denmark | 18 | 74 | 16 | 23 | |
| Ecuador | 78 | 8 | 63 | 67 | |
| Egypt | 80 | 38 | 52 | 68 | |
| El Salvador | 66 | 19 | 40 | 94 | |
| Finland | 33 | 63 | 26 | 59 | |
| France | 68 | 71 | 43 | 86 | |
| Greece | 60 | 35 | 57 | 112 | |
| Guatemala | 95 | 6 | 37 | 101 | |
| Hungary | 46 | 55 | 88 | 82 | |
| Indonesia | 78 | 14 | 46 | 48 | |
| Iran | 58 | 41 | 43 | 59 | |
| Iraq | 80 | 38 | 52 | 68 | |
| Ireland | 28 | 70 | 68 | 35 | |
| Israel | 13 | 54 | 47 | 81 | |
| Italy | 50 | 76 | 70 | 75 | |
| Jamaica | 45 | 39 | 68 | 13 | |
| Kuwait | 80 | 38 | 52 | 68 | |
| Lebanon | 80 | 38 | 52 | 68 | |
| Libya | 80 | 38 | 52 | 68 | |
| Malaysia | 104 | 26 | 50 | 36 | |
| Mexico | 81 | 30 | 69 | 82 | |
| Pakistan | 55 | 14 | 50 | 70 | |
| Panama | 95 | 11 | 44 | 86 | |
| Peru | 64 | 16 | 42 | 87 | |
| Poland | 68 | 60 | 64 | 93 | |
| Portugal | 63 | 27 | 31 | 104 | |
| Saudi Arabia | 80 | 38 | 52 | 68 | |
| South Africa | 49 | 65 | 63 | 49 | |
| Spain | 57 | 51 | 42 | 86 | |
| Switzerland | 34 | 68 | 70 | 58 | |
| Turkey | 66 | 37 | 45 | 85 | |
| United Arab Emirates | 80 | 38 | 52 | 68 | |
| Uruguay | 61 | 36 | 38 | 100 | |
| Venezuela | 81 | 12 | 73 | 76 | |
